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The vuvuzela , also known as lepatata Mambu (its Tswana name) and stadium horn (its American name), is a plastic horn, about long, which produces a loud monotone note, typically around 3 (the B below middle C). Some models are made in two parts to facilitate storage, and this design also allows pitch variation. Many types of vuvuzela, made by several manufacturers, may produce various intensity and frequency outputs. The intensity of these outputs depends on the blowing technique and pressure exerted.〔 Traditionally made and inspired from a kudu horn, the vuvuzela was used to summon distant villagers to attend community gatherings.〔 The vuvuzela is most used at football matches in South Africa,〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=V is for Vuvuzela )〕 and it has become a symbol of South African football as the stadiums are filled with its sound. The intensity of the sound caught the attention of the global football community during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in anticipation of South Africa hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup.〔 The vuvuzela has been the subject of controversy when used by spectators at football matches. Its high sound pressure levels at close range can lead to permanent hearing loss for unprotected ears after exposure, with a sound level of 120 dB(A) (the threshold of pain) at from the device opening.〔 ==Origin== Plastic aerophones, like ''corneta'' and similar devices, have been used in Brazil and other Latin American countries since the 1960s. These plastic horns have been marketed and available in the United States as "Stadium Horns" since the mid-1960s. Similar horns have been in existence for much longer. An instrument that looks like a vuvuzela appears in Winslow Homer's 1870 woodcut "The Dinner Horn".〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Brooklyn Museum of Art )〕 The origin of the device is disputed. The term ''vuvuzela'' was first used in South Africa from the Zulu language or Nguni dialect meaning to make a ''vuvu'' sound (directly translated: vuvu-ing). Controversies over the invention arose in early 2010. South African Kaizer Chiefs fan Freddie "Saddam" Maake claimed the invention of the vuvuzela by fabricating an aluminium version in 1965 from a bicycle horn and has photographic evidence of himself holding the aluminium vuvuzela in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He also claimed to have coined ''vuvuzela'' from the Zulu language for "welcome", "unite" and "celebration". Plastics factory Masincedane Sport popularised the ubiquitous plastic vuvuzela commonly heard at South African football games in 2002, and the Nazareth Baptist Church claimed the vuvuzela belonged to their church. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「vuvuzela」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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