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War is a state of armed conflict between societies. It is generally characterized by extreme collective aggression, destruction, and usually high mortality. The set of techniques and actions used to conduct war is known as warfare. An absence of war is usually called "peace". Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant casualties. While some scholars see war as a universal and ancestral aspect of human nature,〔Šmihula, Daniel (2013): ''The Use of Force in International Relations'', p. 67, ISBN 978-80-224-1341-1.〕 others argue that it is only a result of specific socio-cultural or ecological circumstances. In 2013 war resulted in 31,000 deaths down from 72,000 deaths in 1990. The deadliest war in history, in terms of the cumulative number of deaths since its start, is the Second World War, with 60–85 million deaths, followed by the Mongol conquests〔 *The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, p.622, cited by White *Matthew White (2011-11-07). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities.〕 which was greater than 41 million.〔Mongol Conquests〕 Proportionally speaking, the most destructive war in modern history is the War of the Triple Alliance, which took the lives of over 60% of Paraguay's population, according to Steven Pinker. In 2003, Richard Smalley identified war as the sixth (of ten) biggest problem facing humanity for the next fifty years.〔"Top Ten Problems of Humanity for Next 50 Years", Professor R. E. Smalley, Energy & NanoTechnology Conference, Rice University, May 3, 2003.〕 War usually results in significant deterioration of infrastructure and the ecosystem, a decrease in social spending, famine, large-scale emigration from the war zone, and often the mistreatment of prisoners of war or civilians. Another byproduct of some wars is the prevalence of propaganda by some or all parties in the conflict.〔Dying and Death: Inter-disciplinary Perspectives - Page 153, Asa Kasher - 2007〕 ==Etymology== The English word ''war'' derives from the late Old English (circa.1050) words ''wyrre'' and ''werre''; the Old French ''werre''; the Frankish ''werra''; and the Proto-Germanic ''werso''. The denotation of ''war'' derives from the Old Saxon ''werran'', Old High German ''werran'', and the German ''verwirren'': “to confuse”, “to perplex”, and “to bring into confusion”. Another posited derivation is from the Ancient Greek ''barbaros'', the Old Persian ''varhara'', and the Sanskrit ''varvar'' and ''barbara''. In German, the equivalent is ''Krieg''; the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian term for "war" is ''guerra'', derived from the Germanic ''werra'' (“fight”, “tumult”).〔''Diccionario de la Lengua Española'', 21a edición (1992) p. 1071〕 Etymologic legend has it that the Romanic peoples adopted a foreign, Germanic word for "war", to avoid using the Latin ''bellum'', because, when sounded, it tended to merge with the sound of the word ''bello'' ("beautiful"). The scholarly study of war is sometimes called polemology ( ), from the Greek ''polemos'', meaning "war", and ''-logy'', meaning "the study of". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「war」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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