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Wastewater, also written as waste water, is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. Wastewater can originate from a combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or stormwater, and from sewer inflow or infiltration. Municipal wastewater (also called sewage) is usually conveyed in a combined sewer or sanitary sewer, and treated at a wastewater treatment plant. Treated wastewater is discharged into receiving water via an effluent pipe. Wastewaters generated in areas without access to centralized sewer systems rely on on-site wastewater systems. These typically comprise a septic tank, drain field, and optionally an on-site treatment unit. The management of wastewater belongs to the overarching term sanitation, just like the management of human excreta, solid waste and stormwater (drainage). Sewage is a type of wastewater that comprises domestic wastewater and is therefore contaminated with feces or urine from people's toilets, but the term sewage is also used to mean any type of wastewater. Sewerage is the physical infrastructure, including pipes, pumps, screens, channels etc. used to convey sewage from its origin to the point of eventual treatment or disposal. == Origin == Wastewater can come from (text in brackets indicates likely inclusions or contaminants): * Human waste (feces, used toilet paper or wipes, urine, or other bodily fluids), also known as blackwater, usually from lavatories; *Cesspit leakage; *Septic tank discharge; *Sewage treatment plant discharge; * Washing water (personal, clothes, floors, dishes, etc.), also known as greywater or sullage; * Rainfall collected on roofs, yards, hard-standings, etc. (generally clean with traces of oils and fuel); * Groundwater infiltrated into sewage; * Surplus manufactured liquids from domestic sources (drinks, cooking oil, pesticides, lubricating oil, paint, cleaning liquids, etc.); * Urban rainfall runoff from roads, carparks, roofs, sidewalks/pavements (contains oils, animal feces, litter, gasoline/petrol, diesel or rubber residues, soapscum, metals from vehicle exhausts, etc.); * Seawater ingress (high volumes of salt and microbes); * Direct ingress of river water (high volumes of micro-biota); * Direct ingress of manmade liquids (illegal disposal of pesticides, used oils, etc.); *Highway drainage (oil, de-icing agents, rubber residues); *Storm drains (almost anything, including cars, shopping trolleys, trees, cattle, etc.); *Blackwater (contains feces, urine and flushwater from flush toilets); *Industrial waste *Industrial site drainage (silt, sand, alkali, oil, chemical residues); * *Industrial cooling waters (biocides, heat, slimes, silt); * *Industrial process waters; * *Organic or biodegradable waste, including waste from abattoirs, creameries, and ice cream manufacture; * *Organic or non bio-degradable/difficult-to-treat waste (pharmaceutical or pesticide manufacturing); * *Extreme pH waste (from acid/alkali manufacturing, metal plating); * *Toxic waste (metal plating, cyanide production, pesticide manufacturing, etc.); * *Solids and emulsions (paper manufacturing, foodstuffs, lubricating and hydraulic oil manufacturing, etc.); * *Agricultural drainage, direct and diffuse. * *Hydraulic fracturing * *Produced water from oil & natural gas production 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「wastewater」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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