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whispering
Whispering is an unvoiced mode of phonation in which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are adducted so that they do not vibrate; air passes between the arytenoid cartilages to create audible turbulence during speech.〔''Principles of Phonetics.'' John Laver, 1994, Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.〕 Supralaryngeal articulation remains the same as in normal speech.
In normal speech, the vocal folds alternate between states of voice and voicelessness. In whispering, only the voicing segments change, so that the vocal folds alternate between whisper and voicelessness (though the acoustic difference between the two states is minimal).〔''Language History: An Introduction.'' Andrew L. Sihler, 1999, John Benjamins.〕 Because of this circumstance, there is currently no known possibility to use speech recognition successfully on a whispering person, as the characteristic spectral range needed to detect syllables and words is not given through the total absence of tone.〔http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/project_larynx_summary.pdf〕
There is no symbol in the IPA for whispered phonation, since it is not used phonemically in any language. However, a sub-dot under phonemically voiced segments is found in the Extended IPA and sometimes seen in the literature, as for whispered ''should.''
== Social role of whispering ==
Whispering is generally used quietly, to limit the hearing of speech to listeners who are nearby; for example, to convey secret information without being overheard or to avoid disturbing others in a quiet place such as a library or place of worship. Loud whispering, known as a stage whisper, is generally used only for dramatic or emphatic purposes. Whispering also takes less effort to vocalize than a normal speech pattern. This is because less air needs to be used to vocalize the sound. However, while it takes less effort to produce a whisper, it tires out the vocal folds more quickly.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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