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womanism
Womanism is a social theory deeply rooted in the racial and gender oppression of black women. There are varying interpretations on what the term womanist means and efforts to provide a concise and all encompassing definition have only been marginally successful. The ambiguity within the theory allows for its continuous expansion of its basic tenets. At its core, womanism is a social change perspective based upon the everyday problems and experiences of black women and other women of minority demographics, but more broadly seeks methods to eradicate inequalities not just for black women, but for all people.〔Phillips, L. (2006). The Womanist reader. New York: Routledge.〕 The self-authored spirit of activism, spirituality, and the women's relationship with herself, other women, and her surroundings comprise an essential part of the ideology. The term ''womanism'' was first coined by author Alice Walker in her 1979 short story, "Coming Apart". Here Walker describes the protagonist of the story as a womanist. Although Walker is credited for the term, there are other contributors to the womanism movement. These contributors developed their own womanist theories independently of Walker's womanism. They include scholars such as Clenora Hudson-Weems and Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi.
==Theory==
Author and poet Alice Walker is credited with coining the term 'womanist.' From the original introduction of womanism as a social perspective, the term has evolved to envelop varied, and sometimes opposing definitions. Linda Hogan asserts that the term womanist has come to represent a feminist of color, specifically black women, since the Feminist Movement has been experienced by many as intrinsically racist.〔Hogan, L. (1995). From women's experience to feminist theology. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press,1995. Print.〕 While feminism can be alienating to minorities, womanism allows black women to affirm and celebrate their color and culture in a way that feminism does not.〔 In the words of theorists such as Clenora Hudson-Weems and Alicia Boisnier, Black women struggle to identify with traditional feminism, because they do not identify with the issues that feminism typically advocates.〔Boisnier, A. (2003). Race and Women's Identity Development: Distinguishing Between Feminsm and Womanism Among Black And White Women. Sex Roles〕 Alternatively, Delores Williams, a womanist theologian, associates womanism with the traditions and activism formed from the conditions, events, meanings and values within the African- American community. Williams further asserts that the task of the Womanist theologian is to embody activism by seeking out the voices of the unheard and the experiences of the neglected. She identifies the distinct difference between the experiences of the black woman and the white woman that makes it difficult to identify with feminism. One of the key components of feminism is to end a woman's subjugation to her male counterpart, yet there are other oppressive forces that black women face that takes precedence over the perceived subjugation of the black woman by the black man .〔 This represents an expectation and experience of the black woman as one filled with the quest for knowledge, competence, and authority that surpasses the individual, but encompasses the group. This idea of community rather than individuality is further illustrated by the portrayal of a woman as the embodiment of her environment.〔 In this way womanism does not focus indiscriminately on the experiences of black woman, but desires the reconciliation of all people to their spirituality, their relationships with each other, and their relationship with nature. It characterizes women as willful and capable thereby contrasting the image of a women as subservient and inferior.〔Walker, A.(2012). Womanist. Buddhist-Christian Studies 32(1), 45. University of Hawai'i Press. Retrieved January 27, 2013, from Project MUSE database.〕 In doing so, womanism empowers women, and challenges them to break from the traditional definition of womanhood.
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