|
The Xiuhpohualli ) (literally, year/''xihuitl''-count/''pohualli'') was a 365-day calendar used by the Aztecs and other pre-Columbian Nahua peoples in central Mexico. It was composed of eighteen 20-day "months," called ''veintenas'' or ''metztli'' (the contemporary Nahuatl word for month) with a separate 5 day period at the end of the year called the ''nemontemi''. Whatever name that was used for these periods in pre-Columbian times is unknown. Through Spanish usage, the 20 day period of the Aztec calendar has become commonly known as a ''veintena''. The Aztec word for moon is ''metztli'', and this word is today to describe these 20-day periods, although as the sixteenth-century missionary and early ethnographer, Diego Durán explained: In ancient times the year was composed of eighteen months, and thus it was observed by these Indian people. Since their months were made of no more than twenty days, these were all the days contained in a month, because they were not guided by the moon but by the days; therefore, the year had eighteen months. The days of the year were counted twenty by twenty. The ''xiuhpohualli'' calendar, also known as the "vague year," had its antecedents in form and function in earlier Mesoamerican calendars, and the 365-day count has a long history of use throughout the region. The Maya civilization version of the ''xiuhpohualli'' is known as the ''haab''', and 20-days period was the ''uinal''. The Maya equivalent of ''nemontemi'' is ''Wayeb. In common with other Mesoamerican cultures the Aztecs also used a separate 260-day calendar (in ). The Maya equivalent of the ''tonalpohualli'' is the ''tzolk'in''. Together, these calendars would coincide once every 52 years, the so-called "calendar round," which was initiated by a New Fire ceremony. Aztec years were named for the last day of the 18th month according to the 260-day calendar the ''tonalpohualli''. The first year of the Aztec calendar round was called 2 Acatl and the last 1 Tochtli. The solar calendar was connected to agricultural practices and held an important place in Aztec religion, with each month being associated with its own particular religious and agricultural festivals. Each 20-day period started on a ''Cipactli'' (Crocodile) day of the ''tonalpohualli'' for which a festival was held. The eighteen ''veintena'' are listed below. The dates in the chart are from the early eyewitnesses, Diego Durán and Bernardino de Sahagún. Each wrote what they learned from Nahua informants. Sahagún's date precedes the Durán's observations by several decades and is believed to be more recent to the Aztec surrender to the Spanish. Both are shown to emphasize the fact that the beginning of the Native new year became non-uniform as a result of an absence of the unifying force of Tenochtitlan after the Mexica defeat. The 20-day months (''veintenas'') of the Aztec solar calendar were called (in two sequences): #''Izcalli'' #''Atlcahualo'' or ''Xilomanaliztli'' #''Tlacaxipehualiztli'' #''Tozoztontli'' #''Hueytozoztli'' #''Toxcatl'' or ''Tepopochtli'' #''Etzalcualiztli'' #''Tecuilhuitontli'' #''Hueytecuilhuitl'' #''Tlaxochimaco'' or ''Miccailhuitontli'' #''Xocotlhuetzi'' or ''Hueymiccailhuitl'' #''Ochpaniztli'' #''Teotleco'' or ''Pachtontli'' #''Tepeilhuitl'' or ''Hueypachtli'' #''Quecholli'' #''Panquetzaliztli'' #''Atemoztli'' #''Tititl'' The five days inserted at the end of a year and which were considered unlucky:〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6743/zoom/#group=1&page=1&zoom=0.4064¢erX=0.5000¢erY=0.6885 )〕 *''Nemontemi''〔 Note: Aztec years were named for the last day of their fourth month〔The Mexica Calendar and the Cronography, Rafael Tena. INAH-CONACULTA. 2008 p 82-83〕 according to the 260-day calendar the ''tonalpohualli''. ==Reconstruction of the Calendar== For many centuries scholars had tried to reconstruct the Calendar. The latest and more accepted version was proposed by professor Rafael Tena (INAH),〔The Mexica Calendar and the Cronography, Rafael Tena. INAH-CONACULTA. 2008〕 based on the studies of Sahagún, Durán and Alfonso Caso (UNAM). His correlation confirms that the mexica year started on February 13th using the old Julian calendar or February 23rd of the current Gregorian calendar. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「xiuhpohualli」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|