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xoanon
A xoanon (, (ギリシア語:ξόανον); plural: ξόανα ''xoana'', from the verb ξέειν, ''xeein'', to carve or scrape ()〔Florence M. Bennett, "A Study of the Word ΞΟΑΝΟΝ" ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 21.1 (January 1917), pp. 8-21. Bennett appends a useful list of the sixty-six ''xoana'' mentioned by Pausanias, who sometimes uses the phrase ''xylon agalma'', "sculptured image of wood"〕) was an Archaic wooden cult image of Ancient Greece. Classical Greeks associated such cult objects, whether aniconic or effigy, with the legendary Daedalus. Many such cult images were preserved into historical times, though none have survived to the modern day, except where their image was copied in stone or marble. In the 2nd century CE, Pausanias described numerous xoana in his ''Description of Greece'', notably the image of Hera in her temple at Samos. "The statue of Samian Hera, as Aethilos says, was a wooden beam at first, but afterwards, when Prokles was ruler, it was humanized in form".〔Clement of Alexandria, ''Protrepticus'' 40, 41, noted in Stewart.〕 In Pausanias' travels he never mentions seeing a xoanon of a mortal man.
==Types of xoana==
Some types of archaic xoana may be reflected in archaic marble versions, such as the pillar-like "Hera of Samos" (Louvre Museum), the flat "Hera of Delos" or some archaic kouros-type figures that may have been used to represent Apollo.
A different type of cult figure in which the face, hands, and feet were carved of marble and the rest of the body made of wood is called acrolith. The wooden part was usually covered either with cloth or gold leaf.
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