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yanakuna
Yanakuna〔Alan L. Kolata, Ancient Inca, Cambridge University Press, 2013〕 (Quechua ''yana'' black / slave, ''-kuna'', a suffix to indicate the plural,〔 Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)〕 "black ones" or "slaves", hispanicized spelling ''Yanacona'', also ''Yanaconas'') were originally individuals in the Inca Empire who left the ayllu system and worked full-time at a variety of tasks for the Inca, the ''quya'' (Inca queen) or the religious establishment. A few members of this serving class enjoyed high social status and were appointed officials by the Sapa Inca.〔Childress, D. (2000). Who's who in Inca society. Calliope, 10(7), 14.〕 They could own property and sometimes had their own farms, before and after the conquest.
== Inca Empire ==
In the Inca Empire ''yanakuna'' was the name of the servants to the Inca elites. The word servant, however, is misleading about the identity and function of the ''yanakuna''.〔The Inca and Aztec States 1400-1800. Anthropology and History by George A. Collier; Renato I. Rosaldo; John D. Wirth.〕 It is important to note that they were not forced to work as slaves. Some were born into the category of ''yanakuna'' (like many other professions, it was a hereditary one), some chose to leave ''ayllus'' to work, and some were selected by nobles.〔Malpass, M. A. (1996). Daily life in the inca empire. (pp. 55). Greenwood Publishing Group.〕 They were to care for the herds of the nobles, do fishing, and were dedicated to other work, like the making of pottery, construction, and domestic service. ''Yanakuna'' were sometimes given high positions in the Inca government. ''Mitma'' is a term commonly associated with ''yanakuna'', but its meaning is different, as the ''mitmaqkuna'' were used as labor for large projects. ''Yanakuna'' were specifically not a part of an ''ayllu'' and were relocated individually instead of in large labor groups. An example of the differences of the classes is that ''mitmaqkuna'' were labor that built Machu Picchu, but ''yanakuna'' lived and served the Inca there.〔Bethany L. Turner, George D. Kamenov, John D. Kingston, George J. Armelagos, Insights into immigration and social class at Machu Picchu, Peru based on oxygen, strontium, and lead isotopic analysis, Journal of Archaeological〕
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