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yer
A yer is one of two letters in Cyrillic alphabets, namely ъ (ѥръ, ''jerŭ'') and ь (ѥрь, ''jerĭ''). The Glagolitic alphabet used as their respective counterparts the letters 13px and 13px. They originally represented phonemically the "ultra-short" vowels in Slavic languages (including Old Church Slavonic), collectively known as the yers. In all Slavic languages they either evolved into various "full" vowels or disappeared, in some cases leaving palatalization of adjacent consonants. At present, the only Slavic language that uses "ъ" as a vowel sign (pronounced /ɤ/) is Bulgarian (although in many cases it corresponds to earlier "ѫ", originally pronounced /õ/). Many languages using the Cyrillic alphabet have kept one or more of the yers to serve specific orthographic functions.
The back yer (Ъ, ъ, italics ''Ъ'', ''ъ'') of the Cyrillic script, also spelled ''jer'' or ''er'', is known as the ''hard sign'' in the modern Russian and Rusyn alphabets and as ''er golyam'' (ер голям, "big er") in the Bulgarian alphabet. Pre-reform Russian orthography and texts in Old Russian and in Old Church Slavonic called the letter "back yer". Originally this yer denoted an ultra-short or reduced middle rounded vowel.
Its companion, the front yer (Ь, ь, italics ''Ь'', ''ь''), now known as the ''soft sign'' in Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, and as ''er malək'' (ер малък, "small er") in Bulgarian, originally also represented a reduced vowel, more frontal than the ъ. Today it marks the palatalization of consonants in all of the Slavic languages written in the Cyrillic script, except in Serbian and Macedonian, which do not use it at all, although its traces remain in the forms of the palatalized letters њ and љ.
==Original use==
In the Old Church Slavonic language, the yer was a vowel letter, indicating the so-called "reduced vowel": ъ = , ь = in the conventional transcription. These vowels stemmed from the Proto-Balto-Slavic short and (compare Latin ''angulus'' and Old Church Slavonic (unicode::wikt:ѫгълъ).) In all West Slavic languages the yer either disappeared or was transformed into in strong positions, and in South Slavic languages strong yer reflexes differ widely across dialects.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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