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Zandik is a Zoroastrian term of uncertain origin and meaning, but conventionally interpreted as 'heretic' in a narrow sense, or, in a wider sense, for a person with any belief or practice that ran contrary to Sassanid-mediated Zoroastrian orthodoxy. The Middle Persian term engendered the better-attested Arabic ''zindiq'', with the same semantic field but related to Islam rather than Zoroastrianism. In the Islamic world, including Islamic-era Iran, the term was also variously assigned to Manichaeans, Mandaeans, Mazdakites, Zoroastrians, Buddhists, Christians, and free-thinkers in general, including Muslims.〔.〕 Whether ''zandik'' was also used in any of these ways in Zoroastrian times is unknown; in that context, the term is only attested in three texts (two from the same author), and in all three appears as a hapax used in a pejorative way, but with no additional hints from which to infer a meaning. In several now-obsolete studies related to Zoroastrianism, the word was also speculated to be the proper name of a particular (but hypothetical) priestly tradition that embraced Zurvanite doctrine. ==Lexicology== The conventional translation as 'heretic' was already common in the 19th century when Christian Bartholomae (1885),〔.〕 derived ''zandik'' from Avestan ''zanda'', which he treated as a name of certain heretics.〔 Early examples of Arabic ''zindiq'' primarily denote Manichaeans, and this is possibly also the meaning of the term in the early attested use in Middle Persian (see below). This early usage led A. A. Bevan''apud'' 〔 to derive Middle Persian ''zandik'' from Syriac ''zaddiq'' 'righteous' as a Manichaean technical term for 'listeners' (i.e. lay persons, as contradistinguished from the Manichaean elite). Bevan's derivation was widely accepted until the 1930s, especially amongst scholars of Semitic languages, but was discredited following a comprehensive review of both Arabic and Iranian usage by H. H. Schaeder (1930). Schaeder pointed out that the substantive was ''zand'', not ''zandik'' (an etymology would thus have to explain ''zand'', not ''zandik''), as ''-ik'' was merely a regular Middle Iranian adjectivizing suffix.〔.〕 An alternative interpretation that explains both 'Manichaean' and 'heretic' derives the substantive in ''zandik'' from Avestan ''zan'' 'to know, to explain',〔 which is also the origin of Middle Persian 'zand' (a class of exegetical commentaries) and 'Pazand' (a writing system). In this explanation, the term ''zandik'' came to be applied to anyone who gave greater weight to human interpretation than to scripture (perceived to be divinely transmitted). Prior to Schaeder's review, the term was commonly assumed to first explain 'Manichaean', and to then have developed a meaning of 'heretic' as a secondary development.〔 In that model, the term referred to Manichaeans because of their disposition to interpret and explain the scriptures of other religions in accordance with their own ideas. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「zandik」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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