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The Árpáds or Arpads ((ハンガリー語:Árpádok), (クロアチア語:Arpadovići), (セルビア語:Арпадовци/''Arpadovci''), (スロバキア語:Arpádovci), (トルコ語:Arpatlar)) was the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301. The dynasty was named after Grand Prince Árpád who was the head of the Hungarian tribal federation during the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, c. 895. It is also referred to as the Turul dynasty, but rarely. Both the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Álmos) and the first King of Hungary (Saint Stephen) were members of the dynasty. Seven members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Roman Catholic Church; therefore, since the 13th century the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Kindred of the Holy Kings". Two Árpáds were canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church. The dynasty came to end in 1301 with the death of King Andrew III of Hungary, while the last member of the House of Árpad, Andrew's daughter, Blessed Elizabeth of Töss, died in 1336 or 1338. All of the subsequent kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were cognatic descendants of the Árpáds dynasty. The House of Croÿ and the Drummond family of Scotland〔(Moravský historický sborník: ročenka Moravského národního kongresu ), Moravský národní kongres, 2002, p. 523〕 claim to descend from Princes Geza and George, sons of medieval Hungarian kings: Geza II and Andrew I, respectively. ==9th and 10th centuries== Mediaeval chroniclers stated that the Árpáds' forefather was Ügyek, whose name derived from the ancient Hungarian word for "holy" (''igy'').〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' p. 9.〕 The ''Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum'' ("The Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians") mentioned that the Árpáds descended from the ''gens'' (clan) Turul,〔Kristó 1994 ''Korai'' p. 693.〕 and the ''Gesta Hungarorum'' ("The Deeds of the Hungarians") recorded that the Árpáds' totemic ancestor was a ''turul'' (a large bird, probably a falcon).〔Kristó 1994 ''Korai'' p. 693.〕 Mediaeval chroniclers also referred to a tradition that the Árpáds descended from Attila the Hun – the anonymous author of the ''Gesta Hungarorum'', for example, has Árpád say: The first member of the dynasty mentioned by a nearly contemporary written source was Álmos. The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII recorded in his ''De Administrando Imperio'' that Álmos was the first Grand Prince of the federation of the seven Magyar tribes (''megas Turkias arkhon''.〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' p. 13.〕 Álmos probably accepted the supremacy of the Khagan of the Khazars in the beginning of his rule, but, by 862, the Magyar tribal federation broke free from the Khazar Khaganate.〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' p. 14.〕 Álmos was either the spiritual leader of the tribal federation (''kende'') or its military commander (''gyula'').〔Kristó 1994 ''Korai'' p. 40.〕 Around 895, the women and cattle of the Magyar warriors battling in the west were attacked by the Pechenegs, forcing them to leave their territories east of the Carpathian Mountains; the Magyars moved into the Carpathian Basin.〔Tóth 1998 ''Levediától'' pp. 189–211.〕 Álmos's death was probably ritual sacrifice, practiced by steppe peoples when the spiritual ruler lost his charisma, and he was followed by his son, Árpád.〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' p. 15.〕 The Magyar tribes gradually occupied the whole territory of the Carpathian Basin between 895 and 907.〔Kristó 1994 ''Korai'' p. 266.〕 Between 899 and 970, the Magyars frequently conducted raids into the territories of present-day Italy, Germany, France and Spain and into the lands of the Byzantine Empire.〔Bóna 2000 ''A magyarok'' pp. 29-65.〕 Such activities continued westwards until the Battle of Lechfeld (955), when Otto, King of the Germans destroyed their troops; their raids against the Byzantine Empire ended in 970.〔Bóna 2000 ''A magyarok'' pp. 62-65.〕 From 917, the Magyars made raids into several territories at the same time, which may have led to the disintegration their tribal federation.〔Kristó 1995 ''A magyar állam'' p. 304.〕 The sources prove the existence of at least three and possibly five groups of tribes within the tribal federation, and only one of them was led directly by the Árpáds.〔Kristó 1995 ''A magyar állam'' pp. 308-309.〕 The list of the Grand Princes of the Magyars in the first half of the 10th century is incomplete, which may also prove a lack of central government within their tribal federation.〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' p. 22.〕 The medieval chronicles mention that Grand Prince Árpád was followed by his son, Zoltán, but contemporary sources only refer to Grand Prince Fajsz (around 950).〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' p. 23.〕 After the defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld, Grand Prince Taksony (in or after 955 – before 972) adopted the policy of isolation from the Western countries – in contrast to his son, Grand Prince Géza (before 972–997) who may have sent envoys to Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in 973.〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' pp. 25, 28.〕 Géza was baptised in 972, and although he never became a convinced Christian, the new faith started to spread among the Hungarians during his reign.〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' p. 28.〕 He managed to expand his rule over the territories west of the Danube and the Garam (today ''Hron'' in Slovakia), but significant parts of the Carpathian Basin still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders.〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' p. 30.〕 Géza was followed by his son Stephen (originally called Vajk), who had been a convinced follower of Christianity.〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' p. 32.〕 Stephen had to face the rebellion of his relative, Koppány, who claimed Géza's inheritance based on the Magyar tradition of agnatic seniority.〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' p. 35.〕 He was able to defeat Koppány with the assistance of the German retinue of his wife, Giselle of Bavaria.〔Kristó 1996 ''Az Árpád'' pp. 35-36.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Árpád dynasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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