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Æthelfrith
Æthelfrith (died c. 616) was King of Bernicia from c. 593 until his death. Around 604 he became the first Bernician king to also rule the neighboring land of Deira, giving him an important place in the development of the later kingdom of Northumbria. He was especially notable for his successes against the Britons and his victory over the Gaels of Dál Riata. Although he was defeated and killed in battle and replaced by a dynastic rival, his line was eventually restored to power in the 630s.
== Background ==
Æthelfrith, son of Æthelric and grandson of Ida, apparently succeeded Hussa as king of the Bernicians around the year 592 or 593; Æthelfrith's accession may have involved dynastic rivalry and the exile of Hussa's relatives.〔Michelle Ziegler, "(The Politics of Exile in Early Northumbria )", ''The Heroic Age'', Issue 2, Autumn/Winter 1999.〕 The genealogies attached to some manuscripts of the ''Historia Brittonum'' say that Æthelfrith ruled Bernicia for twelve years and ruled Deira for another twelve years, which can be taken to mean that he ruled in Bernicia alone from about 592 to 604, at which point he also came to the throne of Deira.〔''Historia Brittonum'', (chapter 63 ). See D. P. Kirby, ''The Earliest English Kings'' (1991, 2000), page 57, for interpretation of the chronology.〕 His predecessors are obscure; Æthelfrith is the earliest Bernician ruler about whom any significant details are known.〔 The 20th-century historian Frank Stenton wrote that "the continuous history of Northumbria, and indeed of England, begins with the reign of Æthelfrith", and that "he was the real founder of the historic Northumbrian kingdom, and he was remembered as the first great leader who had arisen among the northern Angles."〔Frank Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (1943, 1971; 1998 Oxford paperback), pages 76–77.〕
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