| 翻訳と辞書 |
Ācāra
Ācāra ((サンスクリット:आचार)) is a concept used in the context of Classical Hindu Law that refers to the customary laws or community norms of a particular social group.〔Davis, Jr. Donald R. Chapter One.〕 These community norms are delineated and put into practice by people who have earned the respect of those within each individual group, such as a community leader or elder. Although in Dharmaśāstra the ideal person who defines the ācāra of a particular place is dictated as one who knows the Vedas or is “learned”, in actual practice this role is often deferred to group leaders along with Vedic scholars.〔Davis, Jr. Donald R. Chapter Seven〕 Ācāra is theologically important in Hindu law because it is considered, along with the Vedas (Smrti), and Śruti (traditional texts such as the Dharmaśāstra literature), to be one of the sources of dharma.〔Davis, Jr. Donald R. Chapter One〕 Particular regional ācāra is believed to be canonized in Dharmaśāstra texts; however scholars differ on the source for the actual accounts found within these texts.〔Lariviere, Richard W. 1997. pp. 612.〕
==Ācāra as customary law==
Customary law within the context of Hindu law is defined as akin to the community norm of a particular region. This form of law encompasses laws that are actually applied to daily life, as opposed to theological laws canonized in texts which are accessible for only a small proportion of the population.〔 In this sense, customary law represents the actual practice of law in classical Hinduism, while laws found in the Vedas, , and śruti literature represent the theoretical practice.〔Lariviere, Richard W. 1997. pp. 623〕
Ācāra, however, is a particularly narrow scope of customary law. What separates it as a category is that these laws are put into practice by people who hold a particular power over that set group.〔 The power is determined by a theological connection to the divine through a full understanding of Vedic literature. These people are also known in dharma literature as the sadācāra.〔 Although dharmasastra identifies the sadācāra as the ideal person for creating laws because they are so fluent with Vedic knowledge that the laws they choose to enforce are in line with the Vedas, in reality, the power to develop laws shifted overtime from Vedic scholars to community leaders whose actions gained the respect of their fellow community members and were distinguished as "good people" even if they lacked direct knowledge of the Vedas.〔Hacker, Paul. 2006. pp. 484〕
Eventually, even the laws penned by those not versed in the Vedas were connected back to Vedic literature. According to Mitramiśra, even the customs of Śudra are the dharma for Śudra. This means that each particular group has a different individual dharma they must fulfill. Therefore, as long as the practices of a leader are considered in line with the customs of the community, they are still considered to be pursuing their dharma and therefore are still connected to the Vedas.〔Lariviere, Richard W. 1997. pp. 618〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Ācāra」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|