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Śramaṇa (Sanskrit: श्रमण, Samaṇa in Pali) means "seeker, one who performs acts of austerity, ascetic".〔Monier Monier-Williams, श्रमण zramaNa, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, page 1096〕 The term refers to several Indian religious movements parallel to but separate from the historical Vedic religion. The Śramaṇa tradition of mendicants is mentioned in 8th-century BCE Brihadaranyaka Upanishad,〔Padmanabh S Jaini (2001), Collected papers on Buddhist Studies, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120817760, page 48〕 but the term later evolved to mean a variety of heterodox Indian religious traditions such as Jainism, Buddhism of 6th-century BCE,〔Svarghese, Alexander P. 2008. ''India : History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World.'' p. 259-60.〕 and others such as Ājīvika.〔AL Basham (1951), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas - a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812048, pages 94-103〕〔 The Śramaṇa movements arose in the same circles of mendicants in ancient India that led to the development of Yogic practices, as well as the popular concepts in all major Indian religions such as ''saṃsāra'' (the cycle of birth and death) and ''moksha'' (liberation from that cycle).〔Flood, Gavin. Olivelle, Patrick. 2003. ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism.'' Malden: Blackwell. pg. 273-4.〕 The Śramaṇic traditions have a diverse range of beliefs, ranging from accepting or denying the concept of soul, fatalism to free will, idealization of extreme asceticism to that of family life, wearing dress to complete nudity in daily social life, strict ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism to permissibility of violence and meat-eating.〔Padmanabh S Jaini (2001), Collected papers on Buddhist Studies, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120817760, pages 57-77〕〔Padmanabh S Jaini (2000), Collected papers on Jaina Studies, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120816916, pages 3-14〕 ==Etymology and origin== One of the earliest recorded use of the word ''Śramaṇa'', in the sense of a mendicant, is in verse 4.3.22 of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad composed by about the 8th century BCE.〔〔Max Muller, (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.3.22 ) Oxford University Press, page 169〕 The concept of renunciation and monk-like lifestyle is found in Vedic literature, with terms such as yatis, rishis, and śramaṇas.〔 Early Vedic literature from about 1000 BCE, mentions ''Muni'' (मुनि, monks, mendicants, holy man), with characteristics that mirror those of Sramanas. Rig Veda, for example, in Book 10 Chapter 136, mentions mendicants as those with ''Kesin'' (केशिन्, long haired) and ''Mala'' clothes (मल, dirty, soil-colored, yellow, orange, saffron) engaged in the affairs of ''Mananat'' (mind, meditation).〔GS Ghurye (1952), Ascetic Origins, Sociological Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 2, pages 162-184; For Sanskrit original: (Rigveda ) Wikisource; For English translation: (Kesins ) Rig Veda, Hymn CXXXVI, Ralph Griffith (Translator)〕 Rigveda, also uses the term ''vatarazana'' (वातरशन, one who wears air as clothes, naked monk).〔Monier Williams, (vAtarazana ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 Buddhist commentaries associate the word's etymology with the quieting (') of evil (') as in the following phrase from the 3rd century BCE ''Dhammapada'', verse 265: ' ("someone who has pacified evil is called '"). The word śramaṇa is postulated to be derived from the verbal root ', meaning "to exert effort, labor or to perform austerity".〔 The history of wandering monks in ancient India is partly untraceable. The term 'parivrajaka' was perhaps applicable to all the peripatetic monks of India, such as those found in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. The ''śramaṇa'' refers to a variety of renunciate ascetic traditions from the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. The ''Shramanas'' were individual, experiential and free-form traditions.〔 The term "Śramaṇas" is used some Indian texts to contrast them with "Brahmins" in terms of the their religious models.〔 Part of the Śramaṇa tradition retained their distinct identity from Hinduism by rejecting the epistemic authority of the Vedas, while a part of the Śramaṇa tradition became part of Hinduism as one stage in the Ashrama dharma, that is as renunciate sannyasins.〔〔P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer, ISBN 978-94-010-7810-8, pages 1-30〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Śramaṇa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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