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A župa (or zhupa, županija) is a historical type of administrative division in Central Europe and the Balkans, that originated in medieval Slavic culture, often translated into "county" or "district". It was mentioned for the first time in the 8th century. It was initially used by the South and West Slavs, denoting various territorial units of which the leader was the župan. This term in turn was adopted by the Hungarians as ''ispán'' and spread further. In modern Croatian and Slovenian, the term ''župa'' also means an ecclesiastical parish. ==Origin of the title== The exact origin of the title is not completely solved, and there were considered several hypothesis; Slavic (F. Miklošič), Turkic-Avarian (A. Bruckner), Iranian (F. Altheim), Proto Indo-European (V. Machek), Indo-European (D. Dragojević), Illyrian-Thracian (K. Oštir), Old-Balkan (M. Budimir), among others. The title was preserved primarily among the Slavic peoples and their neighbours who were under their influence. Its presence among Pannonian Avars and Avar language is completely undetermined. On the contrary of a specific theory, it should be noted that the title origin is not necessarily related to the origin of the titleholder. In 2009, A. Alemany considered that the title '' *ču(b)-pān'', often in a northeastern Iranian milleu, had an Eastern and Central Asian derivation, ''čupan'', and a Western and European derivation, ''župan''. The Eastern ''čupan'' first occurs, but allegedly as is usually connected with ''čupan'', in a Bactrian contract dated to 588 AD, where are mentioned two "headman" (''σωπανο'', "sopano"); among the Western Turks (582-657), the leader of the fifth Shunishi Dulu tribe was a ''chuban chuo'' (''čupan čor''), while the leader of the fifth Geshu Nushibi tribe was ''chuban sijin'' (''čupan irkin''), with ''chuo'' and ''sijin'' being the standard title of the each tribe's leader, inferior to ''qayan'' (khagan), but superior to ''bäg''. However, there is no mention of ''čupan'' in Old Turkic runic incsriptions; a Chinese document (c. 8th century) near Kucha mentions severals persons (allegedly Tocharians) with patronymic Bai and title ''chuban''; in the same century, in the Chinese documents of province Khotan are mentioned word ''chiban'' and alleged title of low rank ''chaupam''; the first (Old) Turkic document recording the title ''čupan'' is a Uyghur decree from Turpan dated c. 9th-11th century. According to the work ''Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk'' by the 11th century scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari, a ''čupan'' is an assistant to a village headman. The first known mention of Western ''župan'' occurs in a charter of Kremsmünster abbey, by Bavarian duke Tassilo III in 777 AD, in which the monastery was granted by a group of Slavs, headed by the chieftains Taliup and Sparuna, whose abode lied beneath the boundaries reported under oath by the ''iopan'' Physso; the ''zo(ō)apan'' of Buyla inscription on a buckled bowl of a heterogeneous and chronologically uncertain (7th or 8th century) Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós; the ''supan'' in Lusatian and Latin language (7th century): the ''ζουπανος'' (zoupanos) on a silver bowl found at Veliki Preslav, capital of First Bulgarian Empire (893-972), and ''zhupan'' in Greek stone inscriptions and Cyrillic alphabet (Codex Suprasliensis) ; the ''zuppanis'' in Latin charter of St. George's church at Putalj by Croatian duke Trpimir in 852 AD; the Slavic, generally considered of White Croats, title of king's deputy mentioned by Ibn Rusta in the 10th century, the ''sūt.ğ'' or ''sūb.ğ'', of which corrupted text some transcribe as ''sūbanğ'' (probably Turkic ''sū beḫ''); according to Constantine VII in his 10th century work ''De Administrando Imperio'', Croats, Serbs and other Slavic nations of Dalmatia had the ''ζουπάνους'' (zoupanous), "Princes, as they say, these nations had none, but only ''župans'', elders, as is the rule in the other Slavonic regions"; also the Croatian state was divided in 11 ''ζουπανίας'' (zoupanias) administrative regions, with additional three ruled by ''βοάνος'' (boanos) or ''μπάνος'' (b/mpanos) (Ban); and is individually mentioned ''ζουπανου'' (zoupanou) Beloje of Travunia; later among Serbs it also temporary became a title for supreme leader '' ζουπανος μεγας'' (zoupanos megas, Grand Župan). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Župa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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