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The English name ''Hungary'' is from Medieval Latin ''Hungaria'', built from the ethnonyms ''(H)ungarī'', ''Ungrī'', ''Ugrī''. The name was used by medieval writers' for the Hungarians (who call themselves ''Magyars'' and their land ''Magyarország''). ==Name of the Hungarians== The primary sources use several names when referring to the Magyars (Hungarians), however their own ethnonym in the Early Middle Ages is uncertain. In sources written in Arabic, the Magyars are mentioned as ''Madjfarīyah'' or ''Madjgharīyah'' (''e.g.'', by Ahmad ibn Rustah), ''Badjghird'' or ''Bazkirda'' (''e.g.'', by al-Mas’udi), ''Unkalī'' (''e.g.'', by al-Tartushi), and ''Turk'' (''e.g.'', by Ibn Hayyan). In Byzantine sources, the Magyars are referred to as ''Οΰγγροι'' /Ungroi/, ''Τουρκοι'' /Turkoi/ (''e.g.'', by the Emperor Leo the Wise), and ''Σάβαρτοι άσφαλοι'' /Sawartoi asfaloi/ (''e.g.'', by the Emperor Constantine ''Porphyrogennetos''). When mentioning the Magyars, the medieval sources written in the Latin language usually use the terms ''Ungri'', ''Hungri'', ''Ungari'', and ''Hungari'', but some of the sources refer to the Magyars as ''Avari'' or ''Huni''. The Hungarian endonym is ''magyar'', from Old Hungarian ''mogyër''. The name is taken from ''magyeri'' (9th/10th century; now known as ''Mëgyër''), one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes (the others being: ''Tarján'', ''Jenő'', ''Kér'', ''Keszi'', ''Kürt-Gyarmat'', and ''Nyék'') which became dominant after the ascension of one its members—Árpád—and his subsequent dynasty. The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.〔György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, (The Magyars: the birth of a European nation ), Corvina, 1989, p. 8〕〔Alan W. Ertl, (Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration ), Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358〕〔Z. J. Kosztolnyik, (Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063 ), Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3〕 The first element "Magy" is likely from a Proto-Ugric *''mäńć-'' "man, person", also found in the name of the Mansi (''mäńćī, mańśi, måńś''). The second element ''eri'', "man, men, lineage", survives in Hungarian ''férj'' "husband", and is cognate with Mari ''erge'' "son", Finnish archaic ''yrkä'' "young man".〔(Sergei Starostin, Uralic etymology )〕 A common folk etymology holds that ''Magyar'' was derived from the name of (prince) Muageris.〔Kosztolnyik, Z. J., Hungary under the early Árpáds, 890s to 1063, page 29, Distributed by Columbia University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-88033-503-3, Library of congress control number 2002112276〕 Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" prior to the conquest of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on the steppes of Eastern Europe (in 837 "Ungri" mentioned by Georgius Monachus, in 862 "Ungri" by Annales Bertiniani, in 881 "Ungari" by the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus). The Latin variant ''Ungarii'', applied to the Magyars even in the 10th century by Widukind of Corvey in his ''Res gestae saxonicae'', is most likely patterned after Middle High German ''Ungarn''. The ethnonym "Ungri" is the Latinized form of Byzantine Greek ''Oungroi'' (Οὔγγροι). According to an explanation, the Greek name was borrowed from Old Bulgarian ''ągrinŭ'' which was in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic ''On-Ogur'' (meaning "ten (of the ) Ogurs"), the collective name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is quite possible they became its ethnic majority.〔 Another explanation comes from the Old Russian word ''Yugra'' (Югра). In early medieval sources, beside the Hungarians, the exonym ''Ungri, Ugri'' was applied to the Mansi and Khanty peoples too.〔(The Linguist: Journal of the Institute of Linguists ), Volumes 36-37, The Institute, 1997, p. 116〕 It may refer to the Hungarians at a time when they dwelt east of the Ural Mountains along the natural borders of Europe and Asia before their settlement of Hungary.〔OED (s.v. "Ugrian"): "''Ugri'', the name given by early Russian writers to an Asiatic race dwelling east of the Ural Mountains"〕 The name Yugra (or ''Iuhra'') was applied to that territory from about the 12th century. Herodotus in the 5th century BC probably depicted the ancestors of Hungarians when mentioning the Yugra people living west of the Urals.〔Iván Boldizsár, (The New Hungarian Quarterly, Issues 121-123 ), Lapkiadó Publishing House, 1991, p. 90〕 The addition of an unetymological ''h''- in Medieval Latin is most likely due to early pseudo-historical associations with the Huns who had settled Hungary prior to the Avars, as in Theophylactus Simocatta where he states, "''Hunnougour'', descendants of the Hun hords". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Name of Hungary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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