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, or (), is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). In name and shape, it is a variant of . ==Pronunciation== The usual current pronunciation of this letter in modern Standard Arabic is the "emphatic" : pharyngealized voiced alveolar stop , pharyngealized voiced dental stop or velarized voiced dental stop .〔 However, based on ancient descriptions of this sound, it is clear that in Qur'anic Arabic it was some sort of unusual lateral sound.〔〔〔〔〔 Sibawayh, author of the first book on Arabic grammar, explained the letter as being articulated from "between the first part of the side of the tongue and the adjoining molars". It is reconstructed by modern linguists as having been either a pharyngealized voiced alveolar lateral fricative or a similar affricated sound or .〔〔 Though, not all linguists agree on this, the French orientalist André Roman supposes that the letter was actually a voiced emphatic alveolo-palatal sibilant , similar to the Polish ''ź''.〔〔〔 In most Arabic vernaculars ''ḍād'' and ''ẓāʾ'' have been merged quite early.〔 The outcome depends on the dialect. In those varieties (such as Egyptian and Levantine), where the dental fricatives /θ, ð/ are merged with the dental stops /t, d/, both ''ḍād'' and ''ẓāʾ'' are pronounced /dˤ/; in the varieties (such as Bedouin and Iraqi), where the dental fricatives are preserved, both the letters are pronounced /ðˤ/.〔〔〔 However, there are dialects in South Arabia and in Mauritania where both the letters are kept different.〔 In loanwords from Classical Arabic ''ẓāʾ'' is often /zˤ/, e.g. Egyptian ''ʿaẓīm'' (< Classical ''ʿaḏ̣īm'') "great".〔〔 "De-emphaticized" pronunciation of the both letters in the form of the plain /z/ entered into other non-Arabic languages such as Persian, Urdu, Turkish.〔 However, there do exist Arabic borrowings into Ibero-Romance languages as well as Hausa and Malay, where ''ḍād'' and ''ẓāʾ'' are differentiated.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ḍād」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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