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Ṛta
In the Vedic religion, ''Ṛta'' (Sanskrit ' "that which is properly/excellently joined; order, rule; truth") is the principle of natural order which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it.〔Holdrege (2004:215). Panikkar (2001:350–351) remarks: "''Ṛta'' is the ultimate foundation of everything; it is "the supreme", although this is not to be understood in a static sense. () It is the expression of the primordial dynamism that is inherent in everything …"〕 In the hymns of the Vedas, ''Ṛta'' is described as that which is ultimately responsible for the proper functioning of the natural, moral and sacrificial orders. Conceptually, it is closely allied to the injunctions and ordinances thought to uphold it, collectively referred to as ''Dharma'', and the action of the individual in relation to those ordinances, referred to as ''Karma'' – two terms which eventually eclipsed ''Ṛta'' in importance as signifying natural, religious and moral order in later Hinduism.〔Holdrege (2004:215–216); Mahony (1998:3).〕 Sanskrit scholar Maurice Bloomfield referred to ''Ṛta'' as "one of the most important religious conceptions of the Rig Veda", going on to note that, "from the point of view of the history of religious ideas we may, in fact we must, begin the history of Hindu religion at least with the history of this conception".〔Bloomfield (1908:12–13).〕
==Etymology==
''Ṛta'' is derived from the Sanskrit verb root ''ṛ-'' "to go, move, rise, tend upwards", and the derivative noun ''ṛtam'' is defined as "fixed or settled order, rule, divine law or truth".〔Monier-Williams (1976:223b)〕 As Mahony (1998) notes, however, the term can just as easily be translated literally as "that which has moved in a fitting manner", abstractly as "universal law" or "cosmic order", or simply as "truth".〔Mahony (1998:3).〕 The latter meaning dominates in the Avestan cognate to ''Ṛta'', ''aša''.〔Oldenberg (1894:30). Cf. also Thieme (1960:308).〕
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