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Ẓāʾ
, or (), is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). In name and shape, it is a variant of . Its numerical value is 900 (see Abjad numerals).
== Pronunciation ==
In Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic it represents a pharyngealized or velarized voiced dental fricative or . It is acceptable to pronounce it as a pharyngealized or velarized voiced alveolar fricative or .
In most Arabic vernaculars ''ẓāʾ'' and ''ḍād'' have been merged quite early.〔 The outcome depends on the dialect. In those varieties (such as Egyptian and Levantine), where the dental fricatives /θ, ð/ are merged with the dental stops /t, d/, both ''ḍād'' and ''ẓāʾ'' are pronounced /dˤ/; in the varieties (such as Bedouin and Iraqi), where the dental fricatives are preserved, both the letters are pronounced /ðˤ/.〔〔〔〔 However, there are dialects in South Arabia and in Mauritania where both the letters are kept different.〔 In loanwords from Classical Arabic ''ẓāʾ'' is often /zˤ/, e.g. Egyptian ''ʿaẓīm'' (< Classical ''ʿaḏ̣īm'') "great".〔〔
"De-emphaticized" pronunciation of the both letters in the form of the plain /z/ entered into other non-Arabic languages such as Persian, Urdu, Turkish.〔 However, there do exist Arabic borrowings into Ibero-Romance languages as well as Hausa and Malay, where ''ḍād'' and ''ẓāʾ'' are differentiated.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Ẓāʾ」の詳細全文を読む
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