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''-ing'' is a suffix used to make one of the inflected forms of English verbs. This verb form is used as a present participle, as a gerund, and sometimes as an independent noun or adjective. The suffix is also found in certain fossilized words like ''morning'' and ''ceiling'', and in names such as ''Browning''. ==Etymology and pronunciation== The Modern English ''-ing'' ending, which is used to form both gerunds and present participles of verbs (i.e. in noun and adjective uses), derives from two different historical suffixes. The gerund (noun) use comes from Middle English ''-ing'', which is from Old English ''-ing'', ''-ung'' (suffixes forming nouns from verbs). These in turn are from Proto-Germanic '' *-ingō'', '' *-ungō'', which come from Proto-Indo-European '' *-enkw-''. This use of English ''-ing'' is thus cognate with the ''-ing'' suffix of Dutch, West Frisian, and the North Germanic languages, and with German ''-ung''. The ''-ing'' of Modern English in its participial (adjectival) use comes from Middle English ''-inge'', ''-ynge'', alterations of earlier ''-inde'', ''-ende'', ''-and'', from the Old English present participle ending ''-ende''. This is from Proto-Germanic '' *-andz'', from the Proto-Indo-European '' *-nt-''. This use of English ''-ing'' is cognate with Dutch and German ''-end'', Swedish ''-ande'', ''-ende'', Latin ''-ans'', ''-ant-'', Ancient Greek -ον (''-on''), and Sanskrit ''-ant''. The standard pronunciation of the ending ''-ing'' in modern English is "as spelt", namely , with a velar nasal consonant (the typical ''ng'' sound also found in words like ''thing'' and ''bang''); some dialects, e.g. in Northern England, have instead. However many dialects use, at least some of the time and in some cases exclusively, an ordinary ''n'' sound instead (an alveolar nasal consonant), with the ending pronounced as or . This may be denoted in eye dialect writing with the use of an apostrophe to represent the apparent "missing ''g''"; for example ''runnin 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「-ing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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