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-ly
The suffix ''-ly'' in English is usually a contraction of ''-like'', similar to the Anglo-Saxon ''lice'' and German ''lich''.〔The suffix -''ly'' is related to the word ''like''. They are also related to the obsolete English word ''lych'' or ''lich'', and German ''Leiche'', meaning "corpse"; according to the Oxford English Dictionary (entry on ''lich'', etymology section), these words are probably descended from an earlier word that meant something like "shape" or "form". The use of ''like'' in the place of ''-ly'' as an adverb ending is seen in Appalachian English, from the hardening of the ''ch'' in ''"lich"'' into a ''k'', originating in northern British speech.In this way, -ly in English is cognate with the common German adjective ending ''-lich'', the Dutch ending ''-lijk'', the Dano-Norwegian ''-lig'', and Norwegian ''-leg''.〕 It is commonly added to an adjective to form an adverb, but in some cases it is used to form an adjective, such as ''ugly'' or ''manly''. The adjective to which the suffix is added may have been lost from the language, as in the case of ''early'', in which the Anglo-Saxon word ''aer'' only survives in the poetic usage ''ere''.
Though the origin of the suffix is Germanic, it may now be added to adjectives of Latin origin, as in ''publicly''.〔
When the suffix is added to a word ending in ''y'', the ''y'' changes to an ''i'' before the suffix, as in ''happily'' (from ''happy''). This does not always apply in the case of monosyllabic words; for example, ''shy'' becomes ''shyly'' (but ''dry'' can become ''dryly'' or ''drily'', and ''gay'' becomes ''gaily'').
When the suffix is added to a word ending in double ''l'', no additional ''l'' is added; for example, ''full'' becomes ''fully''. Note also ''wholly'' (from ''whole''), which may be pronounced either with a single ''l'' sound (like ''holy'') or with a doubled (geminate) ''l''.
When ''-ly'' is added to an adjective ending ''-ic'', the adjective is usually first expanded by the addition of ''-al''. For example, there are adjectives ''historic'' and ''historical'', but the only adverb is ''historically''. There are a few exceptions such as ''publicly''.
Adjectives in ''-ly'' can form inflected comparative and superlative forms (such as ''friendlier, friendliest''), but most adverbs with this ending do not (a word such as ''sweetly'' uses the periphrastic forms ''more sweetly, most sweetly''). For more details see Adverbs and Comparison in the English grammar article.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「-ly」の詳細全文を読む
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